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() or Mariagespiel is a German 6-card trick-and-draw game for two players in which players score bonus points for the "marriage" of King and Queen of the same suit. The game, first documented in 1715 in Leipzig, spawned numerous offshoots throughout continental Europe. Many of these are still the national card games of their respective countries. The King–Queen card games, also known as the marriage group, are a family of point-trick games of which the Mariagenspiel is the earliest and most typical representative. Games in this family are typically played by 2–4 players using a pack of 20–40 cards, with aces and tens scoring 11 and 10 points in tricks, respectively, and marriages scoring 40 points in trumps and 20 points in a plain suit.〔.〕 An elaborated form of Mariagenspiel known under various names including Klaberjass was especially popular among Jewish communities and spread worldwide. Its offshoots form the Jass group Jack–Nine card games, characterized by the fact that the Jack and Nine of the trump suit are the highest trumps.〔 According to David Parlett, the modern German/Austrian Mariagenspiel variant ''66 or Schnapsen'', which remains close to the original, is "one of the best two-handers ever devised".〔 The "marriage" theme seems to have originated in France in the context of unrelated card games. Two-handed ''Schnapsen'' and three-handed ''Mariáš'' and ''Ulti'' are the most popular card game in the area of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.〔.〕〔.〕〔.〕 Klaberjass, first documented in the Low Countries as a Jewish game, developed into Dutch ''Klaverjas'', Swiss ''Jass'' and French ''Belote''. ''Bezique'' and its variants ''Binokel'' and ''Pinochle'' are further examples of popular games in the King–Queen or marriage family.〔 ==Earliest known rules== As ''Mariagenspiel'' (German for '' game'', using the original French word for marriage rather than the German word, ''Heiraten''), the game was first described in a 1715 ladies' encyclopedia printed in Leipzig. The game's entry said that the game was popular among ladies, and the entry for ''playing card'' listed ' first among nine card games played with the German pack. Despite the marriage theme, the Queen was replaced by the equivalent male character in the German cards. Apart from the standard Queen/Ober, Jack/Unter translation, the game described was precisely as follows.〔.〕 Mariagenspiel is played by two players, each of whom receives a hand of 6 cards. The thirteenth card is turned face-up for trumps and can be robbed with the seven of trumps. While the stock lasts, after each trick players fill up their hands. As soon as the stock is depleted, players must follow suit. A ' of King and Queen of the same suit is worth 20 points, or 40 points in trumps. The winner of the last trick receives 10 points. Players must not announce or score a before they have won at least one trick. The rules mention that some play a variant in which the bonus points for marriages are replaced by side-payments, so that there are always 130 points in a deal. A number of ambiguities in this description correspond to variations in the game's offshoots. The number of cards is not specified (although from the entry for ''playing card'' it follows that it was most likely 32), and in the modern games it is typically 20, 24 or 32. It is not specified when and how a is announced. In some modern games, players can announce a from their hands at any time, or only after winning a trick. In others a occurs when King and Queen fall into the same trick. In the second phase of the game players must follow suit, but it is not specified whether they must win the trick if possible, or whether they must trump if they cannot follow suit. All these variations exist in modern offshoots of the game. The rules do not specify whether tens rank high (between ace and king) or low (between Jack and nine). As late as in the 1820 re-edition of the Berlin Spielalmanach one finds the comment that Mariagenspiel is the ''only'' game in which tens rank high. (The previous edition had not included the game.) Contemporary readers of the 1715 rules would have interpreted them as tens being low. On the other hand, around the same time the related French game Brusquembille was already described with tens ranking high. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mariage (card game)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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